What Was Ujamaa and How Did It Affect Tanzania

Ujamaa, the Swahili word for extended family, was a social and economic policy developed and implemented in Tanzania by president Julius Kambarage Nyerere (1922–1999) between 1964 and 1985. Based on the idea of collective farming and the villagization of the countryside, ujamaa also called for the nationalization of banks and industry and an increased level of self-reliance at both an individual and national level. Nyereres Plan Nyerere argued that urbanization, which had been brought about by European colonialism and was economically driven by wage labor, had disrupted the traditional pre-colonial rural African society. He believed that it was possible for his government to recreate precolonial traditions in Tanzania and, in turn, re-establish a traditional level of mutual respect and return the people to settled, moral ways of life. The main way to do that, he said, was to move people out of the urban cities like the capital Dar es Salaam and into newly created villages dotting the rural countryside. The idea for collective rural agriculture seemed like a sound idea—Nyereres government could afford to provide equipment, facilities, and material to a rural population if they were brought together in nucleated settlements, each of around 250 families. Establishing new groups of rural populations also made the distribution of fertilizer and seed easier, and it would be possible to provide a good level of education to the population as well. Villagization was seen as a way to overcome the problems of tribalization—a plague which beset other newly independent African countries that drove people to separate into tribes based on ancient identities. Nyerere set out his policy in the Arusha Declaration of Feb. 5, 1967. The process started slowly and was voluntary at first, but by the end of the 1960s, there were only 800 or so collective settlements. In the 1970s, Nyereres reign became more oppressive, as he began to force people to leave the cities and move to the collective villages. By the end of the 1970s, there were over 2,500 of these villages: but things werent going well in them. Weaknesses Ujamaa was intended to recreate nuclear families and engage the small communities in an economy of affection by tapping into the traditional African attitudes, while at the same time introducing essential services and modern technological innovations for the rural population that was now the majority. But traditional ideals of how families operated no longer matched the reality of the Tanzanians. The traditional devoted female domestic guardian of the family rooted in the village was contrary to the actual lifestyles of women—and maybe the ideal never had worked. Instead, women moved in and out of working and raising children throughout their lives, embracing diversification and flexibility to provide personal security. At the same time, although young men complied with the official orders and moved to the rural communities, they rejected the traditional models and distanced themselves from the older generation of male leaders within their family. According to a 2014 survey of people living in Dar es Salaam, villagization did not provide enough economic incentive to people who had been used to wage labor. They found themselves needing to involve themselves ever more deeply in the urban/wage economy. Ironically, Ujamaa villagers resisted engaging in communal life and withdrew from subsistence and commercial agriculture, while urban residents chose to live in the cities and practice urban agriculture. Failure of Ujamaa Nyereres socialist outlook required Tanzanias leaders to reject capitalism and all its trimmings, showing restraint over salaries and other perks. But as the policy was rejected by a significant fraction of the population, the main foundation of ujamaa, villagization, failed. Productivity was supposed to be increased through collectivization; instead, it fell to less than 50% of what had been achieved on independent farms. Toward the end of Nyereres rule, Tanzania had become one of Africas poorest countries, dependent on international aid. Ujamaa was brought to an end in 1985 when Nyerere stepped down from the presidency in favor of Ali Hassan Mwinyi. Pros of Ujamaa Created a high literacy rateHalved infant mortality through access to medical facilities and educationUnited Tanzanians across ethnic linesLeft Tanzania untouched by the tribal and political tensions that affected the rest of Africa Cons of Ujamaa Transportation networks declined drastically through neglectIndustry and banking were crippledLeft the country dependent on international aid Sources Fouà ©rà ©, Marie-Aude. Julius Nyerere, Ujamaa, and Political Morality in Contemporary Tanzania. African Studies Review 57.1 (2014): 1–24. Print.Lal, Priya. Militants, Mothers, and the National Family: Ujamaa, Gender, and Rural Development in Postcolonial Tanzania. The Journal of African History 51.1 (2010): 1–20. Print. 500 500 500Owens, Geoffrey Ross. From Collective Villages to Private Ownership: Ujamaa, . Journal of Anthropological Research 70.2 (2014): 207–31. Print.Tamaa, and the Postsocialist Transformation of Peri-Urban Dar Es Salaam, 1970–1990Sheikheldin, Gussai H. Ujamaa: Planning and Managing Development Schemes in Africa, Tanzania as a Case Study. Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies 8.1 (2014): 78–96. Print.

Stock Market Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks...

Stock Market Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks and Regression Analysis Tyler T. Procko Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University TO: Professor Michael Perez, M.A., M.F.A. FROM: Tyler T. Procko DATE: 10/03/2016 SUBJECT: Analytical Report Proposal I. Purpose / Background / Audience: Relatively accurate prediction of multi-tiered, non-linear events has long been a difficult and time-consuming task to perform; forecasting the movement of securities on the stock market included. Stock prices fluctuate for innumerable reasons, so correctly forecasting a stock’s movement can be extremely difficult. There are two areas that have massive effect on stock pricing: the psychology, or sentiment of investors and the mathematical, or analytical standpoint. In order to effectively predict stock price movement, these two areas, more than anything else, must be factored in. Fundamental and technical analysis are easily included, but accounting for investor sentiment is more complicated. Using artificial neural networks (ANNs) coupled with the two schools of traditional analysis and regression analysis could prove useful in correctly forecasting the price movement of stocks on any exchange. How can ANNs be implemented with regressi on analysis to accurately predict the movement of stock prices? This report will be a semi-technical feasibility analysis of the different types of ANNs, predictive algorithms and financial analysisShow MoreRelatedStock Prices Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks7197 Words   |  29 PagesStock Prices prediction using Artificial Neural Networks Ajay Kamat Flat 2, Jaysagar 2, Navy Colony Liberty Garden, Malad west, Mumbai – 400064 +919833796261 ajay1185@gmail.com ABSTRACT The aim of this research paper is to facilitate prediction of the closing price of a particular stock for a given day. A thorough analysis of the existing models for stock market behavior and different techniques to predict stock prices was carried out. 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Comparing and Contrasting Free Essays

Compare and contrast the way the poets present a rustic activity? The two poems ‘Photograph of Haymaker 1890’ by Molly Holden and ‘Hay-making’ by Gillian Clarke portray rustic activity in a similar way. The poem ‘Photograph of Haymaker 1890’ consists of two stanzas and this could be linked to the fact that it is a reminiscing photo of a man who cuts hay. This shows the rustic activity due to the fact it is the poet possibly describing a relative of hers working. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing and Contrasting or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whereas, the poem ‘Hay-making’ has three very short stanzas. We can link the short, fast flowing stanzas with the fact that the title seems synonymous with love making. The poet Molly Holden cleverly uses the imagery of life and death throughout her poem ‘Photograph of Haymaker’. An example being ‘to whet his scythe’ this conveys the message of death and an image of a grim reaper. Holden cleverly juxtaposes this with the phrase ‘white shirt lit by another summer’s sun’. Gillian Clarke also uses an intriguing juxtaposition, ‘these hot nights’. This juxtaposition shows a sultry image of natural passion. You could also link this to rustic activity if you imagine a worker possibly working in the night time. The tones of the two poems seem completely different from each other. Holden’s poem, ‘Photograph of Haymaker’ has a nostalgic tone ‘he pausing from his work†¦ trousers tied below the knee’. The phrases used give the connotation of the poet bringing back good memories. This is what photographs tend to do. Clarke uses enjambment as she does not use punctuations to break up the flow of her poem and this adds to the dreary tone. Towards the end of the poem we see more evidence of rustic activity. The poet Molly Holden uses enjambment throughout the last stanza, ‘sweet hay and gone some seventy years ago and yet they stand before me in the sun’. This enjambment gives the image of hay possibly falling down. We can link this to rustic activity if we create an image in our head of hay falling down in a country farm. Gillian Clarke’s poem has an interesting caesura before the word ‘Breathe’, this can be seen as a command possibly suggesting how the ritual of harvesting is metaphorically inspirational. Another important phrase which is strongly linked to rustic activity is, ‘in the scratch of the hay’. The ‘scratch’ of the hay creates a physical link between rural nature of a farm for instance and the act of human love making. We can also say that this is onomatopoeia. How to cite Comparing and Contrasting, Essay examples