The Importance Of Street Lighting Construction Essay

The Importance Of Street Lighting Construction Essay Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Street lighting ensures safety to literally every citizen in Sri Lanka by providing guidance and direction across the vast territories throughout the country. Citizens have grown accustomed to driving the streets, rural roads and busy urban thoroughfares, relying on improved visibility and safety afforded them by generous lighting conditions provided by several street light standards of the roadways. Similarly, the safety and ability to maneuver along walkways and sidewalks, in both congested and remote areas, is tremendously enhanced for pedestrians and cyclists. Street lights must be designed therefore to minimize glare and render enhanced colour recognition to meet peoples visual needs in observing objects. 1.2 Importance of Street Lighting Street lighting is an essential public service that provides a safer environment at nighttime to commuters as well as pedestrians. Proper use of street lighting can be considered as a protective method which provides economic and social benefits to the people including: Elimination in night time accidents and economic loss Aid to police protection and enhanced sense of personal security Facilitation of smooth traffic flow Promotion of business activities and the use of public interactions during the night hours. While this service is commonly available in developed countries, there is a shortage of proper street lighting facilities in many areas in developing countries due to lack of financial resources. The lack of adequate light at night has given rise to poor living conditions and as such, street crimes, and other mishaps are commonplace. Street lighting is perhaps more interesting topic for politicians to gain their supporters. It is the most conversable topic among people and essential activity of local authorities, Pradesheya Sabhas and municipalities where the electrical consumption can be considered as having a totally stable load pattern (kWh) during designated operating hours for each and every day. The number of lights and power requirements stay relatively steady over the nightly operating period. The only real variation is the quantity of operating hours each evening as determined by the time of the year. On the other hand, some degree of weather is varying where photo cell control systems exist during dark and misty time periods where areas like upcountry. As such, we have very predictable load patterns and energy values for street lighting that mostly operate including peak power extracting time periods considering the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) national grid. One opportunity to address the demand-side of this issue is to save electricity via technological upgrades of street lighting with the help of municipalities and local authorities. Electricity used for streetlights accounts for up to 1.1% of electricity used by national grid stated in Statistical digest in 2011, published by CEB. It is worth noting that large amount of non-metered street lighting profiles exhibit a steady state operation on a month by month basis despite the fact that the new street lamp installations have been grown by 30% annually as revealed by street lamp census in 2010. This strategy will be worst during the election periods. Thus, the virtual billing value which is submitted by local authorities to the power and energy ministry, do not truly represent the actual load profiles. In response to the plotting of the billing information, both municipalities and local authorities have to be taken action to ensure true representation of load profiles with representing of CEB personnel to witness the actual requirements of the street lighting equipments. The electrical energy consumption of street lighting constitutes an important part of total energy consumption. Saving energy in street lamps is therefore important for total energy savings. It is known that street lighting levels are excessive in many cases. For instance, in the case of low traffic volumes, the lighting levels are excessive and could be reduced so that energy savings can be achieved. On the other hand, in specific situations and for traffic safety reasons, light levels should be increased even in the case of low traffic volume. Reductions in energy consumption through the installation of modern lighting equipment, control and management practices have a direct impact on the level of greenhouse gas emissions from street lighting. Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are directly related to reductions in energy consumption; hence the potential savings are of the same order and vice versa. 1.3 Motivation This research keeps the focus on energy efficiency measures in the street lighting sector. The street lighting situation in Sri Lanka is still largely dominated by inefficient technologies, most importantly standard incandescent, low efficiency fluorescent tube or mercury and sodium vapour lamps. Although cost-effective when regarded over the full lifespan of the lamp, more efficient options, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), induction lamps and solar powered systems struggle to penetrate the market. Several promotion programs for energy efficient lighting can be found by the government in recent past ( reference). This research is concerned with possibilities to promote the approach of energy efficient street lighting technologies for grid-connected or off grid usage in Sri Lanka. This approach is initiated to evaluate the economic, technical, and operational feasibility of replacing the existing street lamps with LED light sources. Specifically, the following areas were evaluated as part of this research: Energy and maintenance cost savings of LED lamps over the existing street lamps Energy and maintenance cost savings of solar powered LED lamps over the existing street lamps Optimum luminance that should be maintained on various roads and streets in compliance with British and IESNA standards and comparable those to the streets lighted by the existing High Pressure Sodium (HPS) vapour lamps which were installed in most of the town and highly congested areas where more luminance is needed. Cost-effectiveness of deploying a photocell or timer switching for street lamp operation. The energy and maintenance cost savings are key inputs to the cost-effectiveness analysis of LED. The performance metrics in the economic analysis includes simple payback as well as the net present value of cost savings over the lifetime of the LED fixtures. This research findings point out the key market barriers for technology uptake in the street lighting sector and discusses the current state of technology promotional programs. 1.4 Objectives of the research The first objective of the research is to get an inventory verification of various kinds of street lamps connected in all over the country and secondly, to analyze the performance of existing lamps and its control systems. Road surface luminance is one of the control parameters in intelligent road lighting control systems. The third objective is to identify the optimized luminance intensity on the roads as part of assessment for efficient street lighting systems. The final objective is to find a best option for energy efficient street lighting. At present, in urban roadway lighting applications, High Pressure Sodium (HPS) and mercury vapour lamps which are the most widely used light sources. In semi urban and rural area road lighting, fluorescent lamps and CFL is widely applied. LEDs are fast developing light sources and are considered as one promising light source for general lighting. However, LEDs are not used already for street lighting applications in Sri Lanka, since the initial cost of LED is very high as yet. Currently, HPS lamps are the dominant light source used in street lighting because of long lamp life time and high luminous efficacy. The research assessment is a comparative life cycle assessment including other economical analysis which was performed on Incandescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp, High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamp, Mercury Vapour lamp, Induction lamp and Light Emitting Diode (LED) streetlight technologies. It also focused on the categories of energy efficiency, light quality, global warming affects ect. The majority of streetlights are individually controlled by manual operation and some are by photocell and timer switch. It is revealed that some local authorities such as Colombo Municipal Council (CMC), have installed and upgraded a system that allow light levels to be controlled in certain time periods in addition to the photocell operation. Maintenance of streetlights consists almost entirely of replacing burnt bulbs or other defective components. Lights controlled by photocell are not monitored remotely in Sri Lanka and are replaced when reported by complaints of people or noticed during regular inspections. Bulb replacement is performed by relevant local authorities or municipalities. 1.5 Outline of this Report This research conducted a detailed study of how to implement an energy efficient street lighting technologies in Sri Lanka. This study provides the data and analysis necessary to evaluate whether changing existing street lighting system is a worthwhile investment, not only economically but environmentally as well. The adoption of newer technologies could save the millions of rupees in each year by minimizing both energy and environmental costs while reserving them to invest in other infrastructure upgrades. This thesis consists of seven chapters including the literature review, methodology, case studies, economic analysis and results, and discussion. The literature review is the chapter 2 which explains the basics behind street lighting, the different types of lighting technologies, how they work, how they affect the environment, and how they meet current lighting requirements along with their advantages and disadvantages. The methodology chapter explains how the study was conducted with a detailed explanation of both methodologies and economic calculations. This chapter presented a series of calculations to verify the data which are relevant to this study. How the data was applied to these methodologies will also be explained in chapter 3. This research thesis consists of three case studies. First one is the basic structure of this thesis, so that, the street lamp survey conducted to find out the total no of lamps in the country. It gives a basic understanding of the main end-use applications and target sectors of the different lamp types, control systems and an idea of the energy efficiency potential available in the street lighting sector. The second is illumination evaluation for HPS lamps connected in Galle road section. The auto operated street lighting system implemented in Balangoda town area and street lighting control system conducting in Sri Lanka also discussed as the case study 3 in this chapter. All these case studies are presented in chapter 4. The chapter 5 consists of economic analysis for all case studies and sets the insights gained throughout the research is enlightened by economic analysis. The economic performance was calculated as simple-payback for substitution of LED and solar powered LED soluti ons to the existing lamps that includes in accounting for lamp life-span, maintenance costs, and electrical costs. Conclusion chapter covers the results from the study to include their sensitivity to changes in costs associated with power production, maintenance costs, fixture costs, and service life. Environmental costs with carbon emissions savings and impacts were also calculated and discussed with regards to the different lighting technologies including solar powered stand along LED system. Finally, discussion chapter reviews the findings of this study and recommends the course of action that should be taken for implementation of energy efficient street lighting along with areas for future research.

Eudora Weltys A Worn Path Essay -- Eudora Welty Worn Path Essays Pap

Eudora Welty's A Worn Path Eudora Welty's 'A Worn Path' is a story that emphasizes the natural symbolism of the surroundings. As the story begins, we are introduced to our main character, Phoenix Jackson; she is described as a small, old Negro woman. I believe that the name Eudora Welty gives our main character is very symbolic. The legend of the Phoenix is about a fabled sacred bird of ancient Egyptians. The bird is said to come out of Arabia every 500 years to Heliopolis, where it burned itself on the altar and rose again from its ashes, young and beautiful. Phoenix, the women in the story, represents the myth of the bird because she is described as being elderly and near the end of her life. Phoenix can hardly walk and uses a cane made of an old umbrella to aid her. Her skin is described as old and wrinkly, but yet with a golden color running beneath it 'Her skin had a pattern all its own of numberless branching wrinkles and as though a whole little tree stood in the middle of her forehead, but a golden col or ran underneath?(55). Her skin tone represents the golden feathers of the Phoenix and her grandson represents the next Phoenix that will be given life when she dies. The trip to the city to get the medicine represents the mythological trip that the Phoenix takes to the sun to die. Most likely this journey along a worn path through the woods, will be one of her last. We are told of Phoenix?s journey into the woods on a cold December morning. Although we are know that she is traveling through woodland, the author refrains from telling us the reason for this journey. In the midst of Phoenix?s travels, Eudora Welty describes the scene: ?Deep, deep the road went down between the high green-colored banks. Overhead the live-oaks met, and it was as dark as a cave? (Welty 55). The gloomy darkness that the author has created to surround Phoenix in this scene is quite a contrast to the small Negro woman?s positive outlook; Phoenix is a very determined person who is full of life. As Phoenix begins to walk down the dark path, a black dog approaches her from a patch of weeds near a ditch. As he comes toward her, Phoenix is startled and compelled to defend herself: ?she only hit him a little with her cane. Over she went in the ditch, like a little puff of milk-weed? (55). Here, the author contrasts the main character?s strong will with her small, frail phys... ...ppen to you? (57). I believe that this line represents a change that has occurred within the hunters mind. He no longer is trying to prevent her from her journey, while he still tells her to stay home, he know she is bound to go on. After there meeting he realizes how strong her will is and lets her go on her way. ?I bound to go on my way, mister? (57) Phoenix tells the man, and they go off in different directions. Strength is the only reason Phoenix accomplished her journey and Phoenix's love for her only living relative is her greatest strength of all. Although the old Negro woman suffers from many handicaps, she starts her journey mentally prepared for the obstacles awaiting her. Phoenix uses her inner strengths and prevails over every barrier. She relies on her trustworthy feet to make up for her impaired vision. Her wit makes up for her frail body. Her determination makes up for her aged memory. But most of all, her love for her grandson her keeps her going. Clearly, the frail, forgetful, and loving old woman can overcome anything. Works Cited: Welty, Eudora. "A Worn Path." The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980. 142-49.

Student Brawl

@rajab1377: Exactly your point! Indonesia is the biggest Muslim country in the world with more than 650,000 mosques (registered) and perhaps millions more of unregistered ones (including madrasah, pesantren etc). We even have Minister of Religious (Islamic) Affairs – whose salary is paid by hard-working tax payers from ALL RELIGIONS! If you still think the reason of these school brawls was because Indonesia is lacking religious knowledge or institutions etc, that's BS crap! How many more mosques do we need? 50 millions, one for each Indonesian? And if you think because Indonesia doesn't properly follow Islamic laws, go to Aceh and see it for yourself all the human rights violations by Syariah Police, aside of intense drugs and human traficking! In fact Aceh was recently surveyed as the no. 2 most corrupt province (behind Jakarta *gasp! ). Talking about hypocrisy! Seriously dude, wake up from your (edit) ignorance and work with us as part of solution, stop being part of the pro blem! rajab1377 :13pm Oct 3, 2012 Salaam Alaykum, It seems surprising to hear such terrible news of killing among school children, its very rare that school children can go upto killing, even in college it is very rare that there is killing & it is more surprising that Indonesia which has more than 90% Muslim population. The children who can kill at this young age can do more bigger crime when he/she will grow old. Its a shameful act & killer's parents must curse themselves for upbringing a killer. Shame on them.This happens due to lack of religious knowledge ; no proper following Islamic laws, the law of Allah mighty ; Glorious, Lord of the Worlds which leads you to live a beautiful life in Dunya ; will give you salvation in Akhirat. Also note that don't compare yourself with west in killing or any other crime, its a shameful act & everyone must be ashamed for this act, compare yourself with the good of other countries & learn from them good & not bad. Wassalaam. KampungHighlander 4:03am Sep 26, 2012 â€Å"The best solution I think is to merge them into one school. No, much better to just close both schools permanently. ProudAthe 8:13pm Sep 25, 2012 As an alumnus of one of the aforementioned high schools, I am very ashamed and aghast of what just happened. I think even now, the majority of the students still think that students brawl is a sacred tradition that needs to be preserved. Anyone who's against it is labelled coward. Hopefully noone sees this as an accomplishment DasMonk 4:43pm Sep 25, 2012 Username In fact Indonesian kids also fight with guns and knives and bamboo spears – using your own logic why bring the West up?It seems evey time something happens we enter the it happens elsewhere so why care route As for school kids joining the FPI in fact they are more liekly to join the violent gangs that operate throughout Jakarta than the FPI The FPI seems to draw its thugs from Islamic schools or no schools Important measures to prevent School Viol ence I am sure most of you would have heard of the  Columbine  High school  tragedy where two students went out on a shooting rampage and killed nearly 13 people in the year 1999.If you have not heard of that then you would have heard of the shootout in Virginia Tech in the year 2007 at least. These are some of the examples of instances of violence in school. Who knows? The same thing could happen to the school in which your child is studying as well. So it is very important that you need to know about the measures to be taken in order to prevent school violence. One of the most important causes for children to develop fight inside a school is because of their attitude.If the attitude of the children is quite rough or arrogant then he can pick up a fight quite easily and at his own will. So it is very important for a child to have a good and proper attitude in order to avoid school violence. But if this is to happen then it is the duty of the parents to take care of it. They s hould give their child proper love, care, affection and a quality home atmosphere in order to develop a proper attitude. In most cases the children become arrogant because of a stressed out home atmosphere.Just consider a case where you fight with your husband/wife in front of your child. Though you may feel that the child is too young to take it very seriously, it does have some sort of impact on the young minds. They too tend to take your path. They will become arrogant as well simply because of the reason that parents have an arrogant attitude. So parents should understand these little things and act in a wise manner to provide your child with a proper home atmosphere so that he grows out to be a good mannered child.Teachers have their roles in preventing school violence as well. They should be responsible enough to look after each and every child in the class and understand their needs as well. The teacher should be specific and fair in their dealings as well. They should not be biased in their actions because this is one of the prime reasons for a child to develop hatred and jealousy. Also a teacher should take necessary steps in order to ensure that there are rivalries among students which could possibly end up in a brawl. This is because brawls never end in a brawl at all.They will have a continual effect and these brawls can very well lead to the children ending up committing violence of one form or the other. The school authorities will have to make sure that the children does not possess any kind of weapons like knives or guns. They should keep a constant vigil on the students in order to avoid violent activities in schools. There is only final word that is sufficient to eradicate school violence and that is â€Å"responsibility†. If each and every individual understand their responsibility very clearly then there is no such problem of school violence

Free Essays on Workplace Production

No workplace is more productive than a company that is filled with motivated employees. What can an employer do to get and keep workers motivated? Here are a dozen tips: Hire people who have the skills and abilities for the job. Give employees the training they need to do the job right. Treat employees with respect and courtesy. Set and explain goals for each employee or team. The goals need to be meaningful to the employee. They need to be measurable. They need to be achievable. Show an interest in the work the employee is doing in achieving the goals from day to day on the job. Ask what you can do to help, and do it. Reward employees for achieving goals. Make the rewards something the employee values. Get employees involved in decision-making about things that matter. Provide positive feedback and say thank you. Remember that people are motivated by different things. Use what motivates the employee, not what motivates you. Keep the workplace interesting. Know when employees are ove rworked and do something about it. Resolve conflicts as they come up. Give employees authority and let them know you expect responsibility.... Free Essays on Workplace Production Free Essays on Workplace Production No workplace is more productive than a company that is filled with motivated employees. What can an employer do to get and keep workers motivated? Here are a dozen tips: Hire people who have the skills and abilities for the job. Give employees the training they need to do the job right. Treat employees with respect and courtesy. Set and explain goals for each employee or team. The goals need to be meaningful to the employee. They need to be measurable. They need to be achievable. Show an interest in the work the employee is doing in achieving the goals from day to day on the job. Ask what you can do to help, and do it. Reward employees for achieving goals. Make the rewards something the employee values. Get employees involved in decision-making about things that matter. Provide positive feedback and say thank you. Remember that people are motivated by different things. Use what motivates the employee, not what motivates you. Keep the workplace interesting. Know when employees are ove rworked and do something about it. Resolve conflicts as they come up. Give employees authority and let them know you expect responsibility....

Colonlies taking More steps to being independent essays

Colonlies taking More steps to being independent essays By 1763, the colonies had taken many steps into becoming a more independent New England, joining together to fight against England. Locke had introduced a new way of thinking, the Great Awakening happened, then the Enlightment and a lot of changes in the economy and politics. New England gradually became more liberated. John Locke was against Englands religious belief that babies were born with fate. He argued that humans had rights to life, liberty, and property. This kind of thinking wasnt really approved of, but Lockes thought spread through the colonies. It helped people realize what control England had over them. The Great Awakening had a huge impact on the colonies. It shattered churches which led to the bigger religious diversity of the colonies. In England, there wasnt religious diversity, but now, in New England it was spreading as well as education. The Ivy League schools were developing and any kind of men were able to attend them, unlike in England where you had to be a certain religion. British mercantilism was still in progress by the Navigation Acts, but smuggling occurred often. New England was getting tired of England getting all the profits from everything. Then, the Paxton Boys had a revolt because they believed that they were poorly represented in the provincial government. This revolt ended the political stability of the British colonies. It shows that the people of the British colonies were starting and already had been thinking for themselves and were starting to act on it more then they had been. The people of the colonies were starting to join together and rebel against England. They had their own governments, thoughts, and religions in the colonies that England didnt have as shown in this essay. The colonies had a gradual rise to being their own country more then being controlled by another power, such as the British. ...

A reflective portfolio where you identify your learning requirements Essay

A reflective portfolio where you identify your learning requirements and discuss how you addressed those needs - Essay Example curriculum: reflexive practice is critical to establishing a proper corporate strategy and aligning people, tools and measurement instruments to guarantee business success. I first learned that corporate strategy development must consider the external market, internal stakeholders and the conditions of the marketplace in order to be successful. Hence, there is a need to harmonize resources and people effectively in order to maintain a competent competitive position in the market and ensure operational efficiency. This means being able to develop a team environment in which workers are motivated, considering quality of outputs, determining an effective marketing strategy and further maximising efficiency of operations. I was highly intrigued to understand the inter-dependency of marketing to the achievement of strategic goals. According to theory, companies that are the first-to-market with a new innovation actually become the pioneers that define the product category and maintain strong advantages (Agarwal and Gort 2001). First-to-market innovators become a model through which consumers judge late entrants into a marketplace and are often viewed more favourably by the consumer market (Kalyanaram and Gurumurthy 2008). For a business that desires to be a first-to-market innovator as a competitive tool, it is critical that a company maintains a well-developed marketing strategy, part of brand management. According to marketing theory, building a strong brand provides economic and competitive benefits for a business, provides less vulnerability to the marketing activities of competition, and provides more extensive word-of-mouth from consumer markets (Gounaris and Stathakopoulos 2004). One example of how a first-to-market innovator managed to gain consumer preference is the Sony Corporation with the release of the pioneering Sony Walkman in the early 1980s which revolutionized mobile consumer recreation. By having an effective promotional strategy, this company

Hospitality Service Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hospitality Service Management - Assignment Example Innovation is the key focus to excel in this industry. Utilising service management for proper handling and delivery of services is the aspect which the services industry must set a priority in their areas of concern for promotion and company's growth - including industries in health care, caterers, manufacturers and suppliers, tourism and financial services. Organisations must set the difference between the idea of customer satisfaction and service of quality rendered to clients. Although sometimes considered ambiguous, a specific label is required that will detach these important entities with regards in providing services of which supposed as one. Both are correlated in terms of industrial needs but different. Customers may vary on every organisation to which they provide their products, be of services or goods, by some mechanism acceptable in the industry's marketplace. Of course, getting through the competition in the market is another endeavour which organisation needs focus. Customer satisfaction is a business term which is used to capture the idea of measuring how satisfied an enterprise's customers are with the organization's efforts in a marketplace (Wikipedia, 2006). Once customer's expectations are exceeded, the organisation will attain high levels of customer satisfaction and will create "customer delight." This implies that organisation must possess the ability to fulfil the consumers' needs through business, emotional and psychological aspects. The interaction between the service provider and the recipient, which are the customers, must not be in idle to properly measure the level of satisfaction. Proper attitude in dealing with varied customers should be considered; knowing their attitudes, feedbacks or commendations can contribute in determining the organisation's marketing strategies. Basically, organisations aim is to retain customers in patronising their services offered and the target of increasing the number of loyal customers and eventua lly increasing the organisation's revenues. Although customer satisfaction may vary from customer-to-customer, it is important to consider that physical and psychological characteristics which play a very important factor in measuring the degree where customers satisfy with the organisation's services. Comparatively speaking, the customer's expectation can be evaluated with the customer's experience prior relevant to the services the organisation delivers. Organisation must take into account that satisfaction is not quantitatively measured since it is more of a psychological aspect; it is more of the qualitative. And, service of quality will be now measured. Commonly, customers define 'quality' as they are met by their perception and experience. This is the degree or level of customer's satisfaction with the services or products an organisation offers dependently to the environment and the kind of service given. It is difficult to conform to the expectations of the customers needs with the level they require with regards to efficiency, quality, flexibility, and dependability to the services delivered. To achieve this, Total Quality Management (TQM) is applied. TQM is management philosophy committed to a focus on continuous improvements of product and services with the involvement of the entire workforce. This principle is a long-term process to sustain business excellence and the comprehensively and continuously involvement of all organisation functions. Through this method,